For a much wilder time, try 18 Hole Crazy Golf. Many of them replicate the experience of playing on a real golf course. If you prefer more leisurely but no less intense sports, try one of our golf games. You can become the world’s best striker while you enjoy a quick match or steadily develop an entire career as a superstar on the pitch. If you love the pulse-pounding thrills of football games, try one or all of the games in the Jumpers for Goalposts series. We’ve got everything from hockey games to boxing games. No matter what sport is your favourite, you’re sure to find a game devoted to it here at Mousebreaker. Our ever-growing collection features lots of sports and action games that will keep you on the edge of your seat for hours. is dedicated to bringing you the best and most exciting online games for free. "Spil Games acquires male-oriented browser game portal Mousebreaker". ^ Time Warner Press Release on Mousebreaker Acquisition.^ IPC buys Mousebreaker site to inject new life into division.One of their most popular games, Pinch Hitter, has become one of the most visited games of 2010. A lite version offering a few levels was released in February 2010. The first game, Blast Billiards Touch, was approved by Apple in December 2009. In November 2009, it was announced that Mousebreaker had entered into a partnership with CobraMobile to bring some of its titles to the iPhone and iPod Touch through the App Store. įrom October 2010, Mousebreaker has a new gaming partner for the cash games section, the website. įinally, the ambitious Rock Band Sim – which attempted to combine rhythm action gameplay with the management sim genre – got some positive write-ups on casual game sites. Darts Party along with Top Spinner Cricket proved popular with gamers as well. sto Jumpers for Goalposts were released in 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2013. In 2009, Pendry noted that Jumpers for Goalposts – a football lifestyle sim – had gained a loyal and dedicated following. Among their other titles, the Sports Heads series is one of their most played titles. Blast Billiards, Flash Cricket, and Camper Strike all proved popular enough to get a unique domain, with Play A Pal and Play For Your Club also registered by Mousebreaker for use with their popular football volleys games. Many of Mousebreaker’s early popular titles gained enough of a following to earn their own websites. Mousebreaker’s own list of requirements for third party flash developers states that their games are based on the ‘easy to play, difficult to master’ model, with short load-speeds and “a cheeky sense of humour” also required. Their sports section remains their most popular area however, and the site’s sheer number of football games has ensured the two are widely associated. Mousebreaker is best known for its sports and topical games, with titles such as Aporkalypse Now, Spank the Banker, Fat Cat Cashback and 'Bad Adebayor', getting attention from mainstream news outlets. The move saw Mousebreaker become part of IPC’s Ignite division, aimed predominantly at the 18-24 male demographic, and home to publications such as Nuts, Loaded and NME. In June 2008, Mousebreaker was purchased by Time Warner owned IPC Media for a rumoured seven figure sum. Upon licensing copies of both games, the pair realised the potential of their hobby, but it wasn’t until 2003 that was popular enough to be the only source of income for them and they began to work on the website full-time. Their first projects were a simple penalty shoot out game, and a pool game that would be the basis of the Blast Billiards franchise. Pendry and Stott first worked together on flash games as a hobby in 2000. In 2016, Mousebreaker was sold to Spil Games. The site was amongst the biggest UK flash games websites, with over 4,500,000 unique users per month. In 2008, the website was purchased by UK publisher IPC Media for a rumoured seven figure sum. One of the earliest browser game portals, the site earned a reputation in terms of publishing sports and, in particular, football games. Mousebreaker is a UK based casual games website founded in 2001 by Richard Pendry and Alick Stott.
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The full COPE comprises of 60 items, which has 15 conceptually distinct scales with four-items per scale. developed the Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (COPE) inventory and the Brief-COPE (B-COPE) based on theoretical foundations of coping methods. However, validated tool to measure coping strategies of cancer patients is not available in Sri Lanka Way of Coping Checklist (WCCL) and the Brief COPE scale have been used to measure coping methods of undergraduates and parents of children with a chronic illness and developmental disability. Several self-report tools have been used to assess coping strategies of cancer patients worldwide. Correct identification of coping strategies used by cancer patients is imperative to develop effective treatment and rehabilitation methods for cancer patients. Little attention has been paid by cancer patients as well as their family members on psychological and social aspects of the illness in the recovery process, and it was found that more personal and social support are needed for psychological and physical adjustment of cancer patients. Such adverse consequences would create great impact on treatment, management, and control of the pathologies experience by cancer patients. Distress, depression, anxiety, hopelessness, fear, and aggression are found to be the consequences of stressors experienced by cancer patients. ‘Coping’ is considered as a process by which people manage stress or attempt to manage stressful demands. Patients react differently based on their personal and environmental conditions to their cancer condition by eliciting various coping responses. Individuals diagnosed with cancer face life-threatening stressors. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.Ĭancer is one of the major causes of death in the world and similar mortality trends of cancer have also been reported in Sri Lanka. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. But it is a guess, and i am just looking for an explicit confirmation with an example, which i believe could benefit any new scala dev in their journey.Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. I only understand what is meant is the second statement, because i have been using the first and know what it does. This overrides the defaults to always use the full Scala version instead of the binary Scala version: ("a" % "b" % "1.0").cross(CrossVersion.full) The following example is given in the page: Is that the difference between a binary version and the scala version, where the later would include the compiler access and what not ? EDIT1 In other words i want a simple example of But i find the documentation not that great, and would like to clarify something which i think i understand but is not made explicit in the doc. It reads (define lst (list front)), which defines lst to be a list of values. Take the help of free online calculators provided at website regarding geometry or conversions.How would you describe the faces of this prism? ∴ Rectangular prism length is 82 mm, width is 40 mm, height is 25 mm, volume is 82,000 mm³, daigonal length is 94.59 mm, and surface area is 12660 mm². Calculate the prism surface area, volume, and diagonal length? ∴ Rectangular prism length is 8 cm, width is 6 cm, height is 4 cm, volume is 192 cm³, daigonal length is 10.77 cm, and surface area is 208 cm².Įxample 2: Rectangular prism length, width, and height are 82 mm, 40 mm, 25 mm. Volume formula is V = √(d² - w² - h²) * wh Rectangular Prism Length formula is l = √(d² - w² - h²) Apply square root to the result to check the height.Įxample 1: Find the volume, surface area, length of a rectangular prism whose diagonal, width, and height are 10.77 cm, 6 cm, and 4 cm, respectively?.Subtract diagonal square from the length square, width square.Get the square of diagonal, length, and width.Divide volume by product of length and width to obtain height.Check rectangular prism volume, width, and length.Divide the result by step 3 to check the height.Subtract the product from the surface area.Get the product of length, width, and 2.
You can install full or free trails from official sites. Synchronizing Data through the Mac In This Chapter Installing BlackBerry Desktop Manager for Mac Preparing your desktop for PIM synchronization. Some apps you will need to purchase so official servers will help you better in this process. RIM is working on a native Mac client that’ll allow us (Leopard) users to do OS upgrades, compress with Media Manager and all that other fun stuff. Browse to the folder C:Program Files (x86)Common FilesResearch In MotionUSB Drivers and click OK. Note from Kevin: We know a lot of you were excited to see the Facebook note and tweet from BlackBerry today that Desktop Manager for Mac was now available. It’s a big download and seeing how I soon will have it on a CD, will probably wait until I get my new BlackBerry Storm. Click the Driver tab, and then click Update Driver. Basically official developers allowing visitors to download free files. BlackBerry Desktop Manager Software version 4.7 was just released. We are always sharing free and official download links. It can support for all over operating systems. It will take little bit time during downloading and installation. You will need to just download and install it on your PC or MAC. You will able to manage your contacts, calendar appointments, tasks and notes are all able to be synchronized with Windows apps such as Microsoft Outlook, Windows Calendar, and other apps. You can always transfer videos, iPhoto albums, and iTunes songs and playlists etc. The latest setup of Blackberry Desktop Manager has been released by its developers and free download links are available for download from different web servers. BlackBerry Desktop Software for Windows or MAC is used for syncs your contacts, calendars and appointments between your computer and smartphone. Check out the Minecraft Dungeons November 30 patch notes. Officially this is update 1.17.0.0 and it comes with lots of gameplay balances. Update 1.8.8.0 is available to download now. Minecraft Dungeons (Switch): Software updates (latest: Ver. Minecraft Dungeons Box Art N/A Platform N/A Publisher Xbox Game Studios Developer Mojang Studios, Double Eleven Release Date May 26, 2020. Double Eleven has released the Minecraft Dungeons update 1.29 today on all platforms. You can view everything that's been fixed with update 1.8.8.0 here. The update also includes a bunch of fixes and improvements to Minecraft Dungeons. Put one head on each block of the T’s crossbar, then stand back. You can have up to 20 save files stored in the cloud, and purchased DLC does not transfer between platforms. Heal up, grab your strongest weapons and armor, some potions, and maybe some milk, and then head a good distance away from your home and pile up your sand in a T-shape on the ground. To sync your save, you'll need to do this manually via a process that has been detailed over on the Minecraft support website. Minecraft Dungeons & Dragons: Release Date and Details updated Minecraft has new Dungeons & Dragons themed DLC arrived in-game, allowing you to fulfill your adventuring. 1 2 The official release of Minecraft Dungeons came on May 26, 2020, and further updates have been released ever since, the most recent being 1.17.0.0. Dungeons Beta lasted from March 25, 2020, all the way through to April 24, 2020. After downloading today's update, you'll be able to synchronise your current saves to the cloud and play them across Xbox One, Xbox Series X|S, PS4, Nintendo Switch, and PC. Minecraft Dungeons has been in constant development from March 25, 2020. Minecraft Dungeons launched without cloud saves, which essentially locked players to one platform with their chosen characters. The free Cloudy Climb update for Minecraft Dungeons is all about reaching epic new heights in its first Seasonal Adventure. Minecraft Dungeons Minecraft Xbox Game Studios Xbox Game Pass Xbox Cloud Gaming Xbox Series X|S Action-RPG Sean Carey Minecraft Dungeons has finally added cloud cross-saves and cross-progression, meaning players can now pick up the dungeon crawler from where they left off and carry on with their save file on any supported platform. Still got questions? Check out the Shipping FAQs below or just ask us. Warm, stretchy gloves with the added benefit of full touchscreen functionality, the Black Diamond MIdWeight ScreenTap gloves are ideal for uphill skiing. We wish we could ship everything everywhere for free! But in the meantime, we're sorry for any inconvenience caused. Some products are just too complicated to ship (things like electric bikes), or too big to ship (things like non-electric bikes) for free, even though they cost over $30. Orders that are not $30 or larger will be charged a $7 shipping fee. Combining lightweight stretch with touch-screen compatible palms and fingers, Black Diamond MidWeight ScreenTap fleece gloves give warmth and functionality on runs, hikes and cold-weather commutes. Orders must total at least $30 to qualify for free shipping. Kid's Bikes - $35 (due to bulky size and extra labor). Ground Shipping - free on orders over $30.Then simply enter the larger of the two measurements in the table above.Sports Basement is thrilled to be able to provide you with all our favorite outdoor and sports gear at pretty gosh darn reasonable shipping rates (it doesn't get more reasonable than free, right?) It's important to note that we ship only within the C ontiguous USA (the lower 48 states), and that some items are only available for in-store pickup (more details on that below). The choice of glove size is made by taking the following two measurements:ġ) Measure the circumference of your palm (widest measurement at top of palm)Ģ) Measure your hand in length (from the crease of your wrist to the tip of the middle finger) Combining a stretch fleece back of hand with digital material on the palm and fingers, the Black Diamond MidWeight ScreenTap Gloves bring touchscreen. The Black Diamond Midweight Screentap are the perfect mid-weight liner glove With slightly more fill than the Lightweight Glove, these will keep your hands. With its high-performance functionality, it allows any device to be used with precision. It is integrated, wear-resistant and environmentally friendly. Combining a stretch fleece back of hand with digital material on the palm and fingers, the MidWeight ScreenTap gloves bring touchscreen functionality to your ski, run, hike or cold-weather commute. U|R Powered® material is the result of advanced technology for touchscreen compatibility. The goat leather allows the use of touch screens without removing the gloves. The Black Diamond Midweight Screentap Gloves at. They started with a warm and stretchy fleece. These soft, dextrous gloves provide a shoulder-season boost of warmth. Black Diamond MidWeight ScreenTap Fleece Gloves. We use first- party and third- party cookies in order to optimize and allow web browsing, and based on your browsing habits to improve our services and offer you a better shopping experience. Get access to more than 30 brands, premium video, exclusive content, events.
You should now see all your circles change into cylinder shapes.Ĭaution: avoid circles that are too small, or too closely spaced together. From the 3D menu up top in Photoshop, choose the 'New 3D Extrusion from Selected Layer' option. Now we will take our two-dimensional shapes and magically transform them into 3D. Your circles should look something similar to this: Step 2: Extruding the Shapes Pro tip: It also helps to have your shape set to 'Circle' instead of 'Unconstrained' in the Path Options. This will create a nice variation in your shape later. When laying out your circles, add both large and small circles. Be sure your Shape options are set to 'Combine Shapes', so all your shapes are created in one layer. With the Ellipse tool in Shape mode, start laying out some circles on your canvas. Set it to 2000 x 2000 pixels with the background set to black. For simplicity's sake, we will convert flat circular shapes into 3D objects, but you are free to introduce more complex designs.įirst, create a new document in Photoshop. We will then bring these 3D objects into Dimension (in the future, you can expect Adobe to bring some of the native 3D creation functionality into Dimension itself). We'll start by taking flat artwork and converting it into 3D objects. It goes through the exact same steps with the same result. If you prefer following along visually rather than following the steps below, watch this video tutorial. An Adobe Creative Cloud subscription to use Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Dimension.Here's the image we'll be making today, rendered out to show different angles and perspectives. Once you get a feel for Dimension by following these steps, I encourage you to experiment on your own and see what else you can create. While this tutorial walks you through creating a specific visual, the technique and steps can be applied to any design. We'll use Photoshop to create our basic 3D shapes, then switch over to Dimension to setup our 3D scene, create beautiful, realistic lighting, apply real-world materials and finally render out our 3D visuals. With this easy 3D design tutorial (including a video option, if you prefer it) we will create an abstract 3D illustration using Adobe Photoshop and Dimension. In this tutorial, we will show step-by-step how to take your own designs and finally break into the wonderful world of 3D design. Designers wrote us asking how we turned the flat illustrations into 3D, and we were thrilled to realize we could easily teach them. We were both impressed and excited with the results, and so was our audience. We began experimenting with Dimension's rendering tools and Photoshop's built-in 3D features to see how we could take these illustrations out of the two-dimensional world and into the dimensional space. This was our first deep dive into Dimension. Our team at recently released Warped Universe, a collection of abstract illustrations creatives to for their work. Originally created for 3D mockups and brand visualizations, Dimension has evolved into a powerful 3D rendering tool that allows you to create rich 3D visuals. With Adobe Dimension, Adobe has removed the barriers (real or imagined) between designers and 3D design. Until a couple months ago, I'd see an artistic or hyperrealistic 3D image in someone's portfolio and couldn't fathom how they even began to create something like it. Only designers who have dedicated years of their life to the trade can master the complex tools and techniques required for it, or so we tell ourselves. Yet for many of us, it still seems daunting and inaccessible. In recent years, more designers are seeking to break into 3D design and more clients are asking for it. Little known to most of us, Adobe has been quietly changing that story. In our minds, it's a landscape marked with steep learning curves, expensive software and overwhelming interfaces. For many creative folks, 3D design is still considered a final frontier. I just think it's a sad story, and I'm not in the mood to finish a sad story right now especially after my wasted effort to change it. It's a nice game, but mutating a little girl who has spent years in a bunker isn't my cup of tea, and not really what I signed up for when I bought the game. I won't ask for a refund or make this a bigger deal than I already have. I am just one player who has enjoyed your weird little game up to this point. Not going to give you any grand ultimatums. Either have her mutate when I pick up the key or if the player goes through all the trouble of setting themselves on fire to save Liz, make it so we don't have to fight her. I am now at an impasse and I would like the devs to address this problem, as this is technically a bug along the lines of sequence breaking. Her eyes are still peeking out of the wardrobe and she seems totally fine, if a bit freaked out by the sight of a radioactive Turnip in a Fedora wielding a shovel. I let Turnip Boy die and revive and I raced back to Liz's room. That's when the boss title popped up: LIZ, MUTATED HUMAN. I went through the boss room door, saw the humans lock themselves away and was confident that I had beat the system and was ready to continue the game as though nothing had happened. With that I went through with the painful task of placing portals so I could turnip torch my way to where the mutated Liz would have been in the other timeline. It was a success! I had gotten out of the room without picking up the hazmat room but still able to advance - and the wardrobe was NOT glowing green. I made it to Liz's room, tore up her diary (cuz a turnip's gotta do what a turnip's gotta do), lit myself on fire, grabbed the key and took off. Don't know why I was doing this for a series of 1s and 0s rendered in pixels, I guess I'm just a big softy that way, but I finally made it all the way back to the bunker. I quickly rushed though the content, redoing every boss, recollecting every scrap of paper to tear up and every hat. Sending me back to the start of the game. Eventually I gritted my teeth and deleted my save. I wrestled with the idea for a couple of minutes - giving up 75% completion was not ideal - but it was more palatable than the events that had just transpired. If I wanted to spare Liz, I would have to replay the whole game all over again. I wanted to reload a save, but seeing as the game only has one save slot and overwrites it at regular intervals. That's when I realized a key problem in my plan. It was a long shot, but I had to take it if I was to finish this game on my own terms. I was confident that I could snatch the key in that room without irradiating Liz, tank the fire damage with my 10 hearts, and use portals to ferry myself between the fire and the boxes before the fire went out. Then a thought hit me: the wardrobe only snapped shut and turned solid green after I picked up the hazmat suit. I've put down books before because a twist left a bad taste in my mouth, I figured I could do the same here. This bummed me out and I was honestly conflicted if I wanted to continue the story. I beat the boss and the grim hope that things would go back to normal vanished along with Liz's gruesome visage. Much like the beans and the ham I had inadvertently irradiated a young girl. Then the name dropped "LIZ, the mutated human" and I realize what I had inadvertently done. I get to the final section of the gauntlet, two humans run ahead and lock themselves away, but I turn around and find another human that I thought I had no knowledge of. At first I thought nothing of it, figured it was going to be a new friend I'd meet later on that was just created. I made it to the bunker, picked up the hazmat suit and saw the wardrobe glow a bright green. List of firmware release (earliest to latest) Īdditionally the K750 shares its hardware with the lesser known D750, which has the interface of the K750, yet has a chassis similar to that of the W800.GSM/GPRS/EDGE 850/900/1800/1900, UMTS/HSPA 900/2100ġ18 MB internal, Memory Stick Micro (M2) support (up to 16 GB) The Activity Menu will not be present when in flight mode - instead the Walkman player appears when it is pressed. Since K750i and W800i have essentially the same hardware specifications, soft modifications are available to convert a K750i to a W800i by using flashing software and W800i firmware.Ī flashed K750i can also use the flight mode option, allowing the phone to work only as a media player while other functions are restricted. According to the Sony Ericsson website, the K750 has a talk time battery life of 9 hours and a standby time battery life of 600 hours. The phone can also be used as a modem via Bluetooth, Infrared or USB. Since HE-AAC v2 encodes the sound as a mono-aural track and the stereo separation is recreated through the PS data, HE-AAC v2 files played on a K750 actually play back in mono. The SBR and parametric stereo (introduced with HE-AAC v2) is ignored. eAAC+), only the normal LC component of the file will be played. eAAC) will play since HE-AAC is designed to be backwards compatible, however the SBR component will be ignored. The phone has good all-round support for many versions of the MP3 file format, however support for WAV encoded files is not as extensive.ĪAC support is good, and the phone can only properly handle LC AAC. Memory Stick PRO Duo support (up to 2 GB).Phone memory 38 MB (Actual free memory may vary due to phone pre-configuration).64 MB Sony Memory Stick PRO Duo included.The included handsfree headset is also required to listen to the radio since it functions as the antenna. If the button is pressed when the headset isn't attached the phone displays a phone status screen showing profile, memory usage, battery level, and, on some mobile networks, phone number. On the right-hand side of the phone there are three keys - two for controlling volume, skipping through tracks in the Media Player and zooming in and out when in camera mode. The left-hand side of the phone also houses the Memory Stick PRO Duo slot for external solid state memory, which is protected by a flexible rubber cover. The phone also features Sony's Mega Bass technology. The RDS FM radio has 20 user-configurable presets. A press of this button in media player mode plays or pauses the selected media. There is one side key on the left of the phone when pressed in standby mode, it opens either the RDS FM radio or the Media Player as selected by the user, allowing playback of WAV/ MP3/ AAC audio files, and 3GP/ MPEG-4 video files. The on/off button is located on the top of the phone next to the IrDA port. The button in between of these 'soft keys' acts as a shortcut key, which brings up a user-customisable shortcut menu when pressed. The two buttons labelled by white horizontal lines, known as 'hotkeys' or 'soft keys' perform the function of making binary decisions, labelled on the phone's display. The central joystick button is used for selecting options and navigating menus, with the "C" button as an 'undo' or 'delete' button, and the arrow-labelled button as a 'return' or 'back' button. The K750i is available in four colours, Blue, Oxidized Black, metallic red and Blasted Silver (the latter of which is exclusive to Vodafone in the United Kingdom) with a red version later released. It has the 'dual-front' design common to most Sony Ericsson mobile phones since the T610, with the back of the mobile phone designed like a digital camera and intended to be held sideways to take photographs. The K750i is a candybar style phone that weighs 99 grams (3.5 ounces), with its buttons that can be used with any finger. Its hardware was similar to the K750i had T-Mobile branding with a light blue/white body and looked very similar to the Sony Ericsson W800. There also was a T-Mobile exclusive version called D750i. The Sony Ericsson K750, introduced in June 2005, is a high-end mobile phone, the successor to the now discontinued K700, and which was succeeded by the K800i in Q2 2006.īefore official release, K750 was known by its codename Clara. The requirement must be measurable and should have test and inspection methods defined. A Characteristics Matrix, which is form of Quality Function Deployment (QFD), may be used and will link characteristics to their process operations. The requirements are either provided by a drawing or a list of special characteristics. The requirements, or measurements, of the process function are described in the second column. There may be many functions for any one process operation. The function is the “Verb-Noun” that describes what the process operation does. The process can be a manufacturing operation or an assembly. The Process Name / Function column permits the Process (PE) or Manufacturing Engineer (ME) to describe the process technology that is being analyzed. The Process FMEA form is completed in the following sequence: PFMEA Section 1 (Quality-One Path 1) Process Name / Function The PFMEA is completed in sections at different times within the project timeline, not all at once. Each section has a distinct purpose and a different focus. There are five primary sections of the Process FMEA. To compare them we can look at their ratio (risk ratio or odds ratio) or their difference in risk (risk difference).How to Perform Process Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (PFMEA) Measures of effect for clinical trials with dichotomous outcomes involve comparing either risks or odds from two intervention groups. For example, a risk of 0.5 is equivalent to an odds of 1 and a risk of 0.95 is equivalent to odds of 19. When events are common, as is often the case in clinical trials, the differences between odds and risks are large. The difference between odds and risk is small when the event is rare (as illustrated in the first example above where a risk of 0.091 was seen to be similar to an odds of 0.1). When the odds is equal to 1, one person will have the event for every one who does not, so in a sample of 100, 100 × 1/(1+1) = 50 will have the event and 50 will not. In a sample of 100, about 9 individuals will have the event and 91 will not. For example, when the odds are 1:10, or 0.1, one person will have the event for every 10 who do not, and, using the formula, the risk of the event is 0.1/(1+0.1) = 0.091. The simplest way to ensure that the interpretation is correct is to first convert the odds into a risk. The interpretation of an odds is more complicated than for a risk. Odds can be converted to risks, and risks to odds, using the formulae: For example, an odds of 0.01 is often written as 1:100, odds of 0.33 as 1:3, and odds of 3 as 3:1. It is commonly expressed as a ratio of two integers. In gambling, the odds describes the ratio of the size of the potential winnings to the gambling stake in health care it is the ratio of the number of people with the event to the number without. The odds is the ratio of the probability that a particular event will occur to the probability that it will not occur, and can be any number between zero and infinity. Odds is a concept that is more familiar to gamblers. In a sample of 1000 people, these numbers are 100 and 500 respectively. For example, when the risk is 0.1, about 10 people out of every 100 will have the event when the risk is 0.5, about 50 people out of every 100 will have the event. It is simple to grasp the relationship between a risk and the likely occurrence of events: in a sample of 100 people the number of events observed will on average be the risk multiplied by 100. In ‘Summary of findings’ tables in Cochrane reviews, it is often expressed as a number of individuals per 1000 (see Chapter 11, Section 11.5). In research, risk is commonly expressed as a decimal number between 0 and 1, although it is occasionally converted into a percentage. Risk describes the probability with which a health outcome (usually an adverse event) will occur. Risk is the concept more familiar to patients and health professionals. When the difference between them is ignored, the results of a systematic review may be misinterpreted. In statistics, however, risk and odds have particular meanings and are calculated in different ways. In general conversation the terms ‘risk’ and ‘odds’ are used interchangeably (as are the terms ‘chance’, ‘probability’ and ‘likelihood’) as if they describe the same quantity. For the current version, please go to /handbook/current or search for this chapter here. This is an archived version of the Handbook. |
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